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14th (01/29/2007) Construction and function of the eye

- Bau und Funktion des Auges -

Die Linse ist ein klarer, elastischer, konvex gekrümmter Körper ( lens crystallina ) --> diese Sammellinse bündelt das durch die Pupille eintretende Licht an der Hinterseite des Auges, sprich es entsteht ein scharfes Bild auf der Netzhaut.

Sehnerv : s-förmiger Verlauf in der Augenhöhle ermöglicht Anpassung an extreme Augenbewegungen. Nach/beim Austritt der Augenhöhle ist der Sehnerv vom Sehnervkanal umgeben. Die Sehnnerven k reuzen sich = Sehnervenkreuzung (linkes Auge -> rechte Gehirnhälfte)

Makula : für die Scharfstellung zuständiger Bereich des Auges (gelber Punkt) der seitlich vom Sehnervaustritt sitzt und nur aus Sehzapfen besteht.

Papille : Der Bereich der Netzhaut (stark durchblutet) an dem sich die Nervenfasern der Netzhaut, nach Verlassen des Augapfels, zum Sehnerv bilden.

Pupille : Die Blende. Die auf die Netzhaut gelangenden Lichtstrahlen werden durch reflektorische Verengen und Erweitern reguliert. Sie ist das Sehloch in der Regenbogenhaut des Auges und erscheind schwarz.

Iris (Regenbogenh aut) : Regelung des Lichteinfalls. Grundsätzlich All eyes are blue, other colors are caused only by different pigmentation.

retina: light and color stimuli are recorded and transmitted to the brain via nerve Sehn. To do this requires the eye can rods and cones . The 100 million rods are active in low light stimuli. So they are very light sensitive, but have color vision. The approximately 6 million cones are located mainly in the center of the retina. They occur in intense light stimuli in force and are responsible for color vision.
They are divided into three types:
Blue cones respond to particular wavelengths react from 400 nm to 540 nm (blue region)
Green suppositories in particular wavelengths react from 450 nm to 640 nm (green area)
Red suppositories in particular wavelengths of 550 nm to 700 nm (red region)


Zilarmuskel : With tension he moves the lens ligaments of the lens and is thus responsible for local and remote settings

lens bands : changing the curvature of the lens.

tears : Ist für die Befeuchtung, die Desinfizierung und die Säuberung zuständig. Weiters versorgt sie die Hornhaut mit Nährstoffen und entfernt Stoffwechselprodukte.

Wimpern und Augenbrauen : Schutz der Augen vor Schmutz, Schweiß, Staub und zu intensiver Lichteinstrahlung.

Augenlid : Benetzung der Hornhaut mit Tränenflüssigkeit und Schutz durch Schließen vor Verletzungen und vor plötzlicher Lichteinstrahlung.

Augenhaut :
äußere Augenhaut/ weiße Sklera --> ist eine Lederhaut die den ganzen Augapfel umhüllt. Sie besteht aus festem Bindegewebe and goes to the cornea which is transparent and avascular.
mean eyeball -> consists of the iris with the pupil, the ciliary body and choroid. The choroid supplies through their blood vessels of the retina with nutrients and forms the lens mount.
inner eyeball -> consists of the eye (the Netzhautumkleidung)

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13th (01/22/2007) Structure of the nervous system: brain, spinal cord, somatic / vegetative nervous system

- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -

movement is coordinated by the messaging system, ie the functions are coordinated. This messaging system called the nervous system.

It is an anatomical separation in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and in the peripheral nervous system (the brain and spinal cord nerves springing + sequel in single nerve).

Central Nervous System -> brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) + spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System -> brain nerve + peripheral nerves -> Arbitrary Nervous system (somatic nervous system) + involuntary nervous system (autonomic nervous system)

the peripheral nervous system is divided more times in the involuntary and voluntary nervous system. Arbitrary nervous system (motor nervous system) controls all voluntary muscle movement. The involuntary nervous system (autonomic nervous system) controls without the conscious participation of the various processes of our body (such as digestion, heartbeat, breathing ,...) given it requires two different systems, the sympathetic (stimulating and mobilizing functions) and the parasympathetic (calming and braking functions ).
















end : brain (central nervous system) sends impulses to the muscles (peripheral nervous system) which controls the functions of the body, not the free will subject (autonomic nervous system).

reflexes: the movements are man considered to be controlled by the voluntary nervous system (somatic nervous system), for example. I would like on a chair -> brain the appropriate commands to the appropriate nerve Next -> activation of the muscles needed to sit down.
reflex movements off the will, because voluntary movements may be too slow, for example. run in pain, the conservation movement very quickly.
pain stimuli are transmitted from the receptors (sensors) of the skin to the nerve and the nerve to the spinal cord. Now is the abbreviation, which is exactly where the stimulus is not transmitted to the brain, as usual, but reverted in the spinal cord to the motor nerves -> Hand immediately receives the appropriate signal. This is called reflex arc.

brain :
a. cerebrum
b. Diencephalon
c. Bar
d. thalamus, hypothalamus (hormones)
e. midbrain
f. pituitary (hormones)
g. cerebellum
h. bridge (Pons)
i. Extended Mark (medulla oblongata)
j. 4. Third ventricle
k.
l. ventricle aqueduct





areas of the brain: the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and bridge. The bar (corpus callosum) separates the right and left brain (hemispheres). Close insemination WITHIN COMPETENCE nerves.
Through various centers in the brain to control different abilities (eg speech, Feeling, memory, vision,). When a brain injury is able to be affected by different nerves that can cause various failures.
The brain is protected by the bony skull. Furthermore forked column three very fine membranes (solid mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater), the brain from direct contact with the skull bone. Provides extra protection in the brain and spinal fluid (CSF) since.

spinal :
The spinal cord is responsible for signal transmission in the central nervous system.
It consists of Nerve cells forming a tissue strand that goes from the base of the brain into the area of the second or third lumbar vertebra.
In Mark lost sensory and motor nerve cells from the brain to the peripheral system and back. It has the function of the line. Only about 25 grams majority in the spinal cord is inside, this reduces the risk of injury. For violations of the cord can cause cognitive impairment or paralytic.
addition, it is responsible for the quick responses -> see reflections.

Sources:
http://neurologie.onlinehome.de/neukurs1.htm
http://www.medizinfo.de/kopfundseele/multiplesklerose/mnervensystem.htm
http://www.g-netz.de/Der_Mensch/nervensystem/rueckenmark.shtml

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Kommentare zu den Themen 7. - 12.

Due to diveren test, homework and the practice week, I had come Strak with biology topics in default.
But as promised, and a deal I was doing on vacation days and biology have the substance can aufholne ... even a week had good. It is also necessary to work the next school surge is around the corner.
Otherwise to say that I really noticed how much work the biology and catch up but that it is almost impossible if one has to make the school a lot. Say, can not meet the same holiday and we hardly ... unless you dispense with the personal life;) Say I do believe that this technique is only recommended for older students.
Topics include ecosystem was very interesting .... especially the deep sea, I found it really exciting!
blood (please pay special attention to the cool picture;)) was ok but not outstanding. Was to understand, however, because I had help from my friend.
breathing was ok.
What more detail bgesprechen want, I can not say exactly when elaboration was all very clear.

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8. (11.12.2006) Atmung/ Lunge

breathing - Lung

structure of the lung

The human lungs contain a right lung and left lung.
The lungs are divided by furrows, these subdivisions is then called lobes.
right lung -> 3 lobes
left lung -> 2 lobes (kleinere Hälfte)
Die Lungenlappen werden in 9 (links) bzw. 10 (rechts) Segmente unterteilt. Auf der linken Seite fehlt das siebente Segment um Platz für das Herz zu schaffen.

Lage : in Brusthöhle, Lungenspitze überragt das Schlüsselbein um ca. 3-4 cm, Lunge liegt am Zwerchfell (Lage passt sich an - liegen, sitzen, atmen) auf.

Bei der Aufspaltung der Luftröhre in die Hauptbronchien fällt der linke Luftröhren-Bronchien-Winkel ist kleiner ist als der rechte daher wird die rechte Hälfte besser belüftet bzw. auch, dass Schmutz und Verunreinigungen leichter in die rechte Lungenhälfte gelangen.

Ein durchschnittliches Lungenvolumen is 5-6 liters.


know Inside the lung, an air guiding system of tubes called the bronchi. These open into the alveoli (alveoli). Together they are called bronchial system. Furthermore, there is the pulmonary veins and Lungenaterien (see circulation).





breathing

flow:
- inhalation (through the intercostal muscles and diaphragm)
- Tensioning the external intercostal muscles (intercostal muscles) -> chest, we raised and extended
- expands the lung moves / with -> pressure in the lungs decreases
- fills the lungs sichmit air
- The expiration happens passively
- After Einamten is stretched, the lungs and returns automatically to its starting position
- Exhausted air flows from the body

air
Upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, throat
Lower respiratory tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

(Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge )