Das Blut
Blutbestandteile
Wenn man das Blut zentrifugiert (mit hoher Geschwindigkeit schleudert) teilt es sich in zwei Phasen auf:
- Blutkörperchen, feste Bestandteile die etwa 40 - 45% des Blutvolumens ausmachen
- Blutplasma oder "Blutwasser", es ist der flüssige Teil und macht etwa 55 - 60% des Blutvolumens aus.
Beim Menschen macht die Blutmenge etwa 8% des Körpergewichtes aus (70kg -> 5-6 Liter).
Feste Bestandteile 42%: - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- leukocytes (white blood cells)
- platelets (platelet)
Cash components / blood plasma 58%:
- Water
- proteins (proteins)
- fat / sugar / Water
tasks of Blood:
- transport function (blood carries oxygen and nutrients)
- Defense function (Part of the blood cells are fighting immune cells that exogenous particles and Krankheitserrege)
seal (the ability of the clot)
- buffer function (changes in pH are stabilized by the blood enthaöltene buffer system)
blood cells:
erythrocytes (red blood cells): Transpotieren oxygen and carbon dioxide and have 99% of the volume fraction of blood cells inne.
Leukozyten (weiße Blutkörperchen): Sind für die Abwehr von Krankheitserregern und anderen körperfremden Stoffen zuständig
Thrombozyten (Blutplättchen): Sind an der Blutgerinnung beteiligt.
Blutkreislauf - Herz-Kreislauf-System
The cardiovascular system consists of the motor (heart) and from the transportation routes (blood vessels). The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aorta, arteries, arterioles and capillaries in the veins Kresilauf.Die collect it again and take it back to the left ventricle of the heart -> arteries leading away from the heart and veins carry back to the heart.
The human circulatory system consists of two parts: the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
flow:
- left ventricle forces the blood into the aorta (largest artery of the human body)
- aorta was divided into the arteries
- arteries carry blood to the arteries (ie cause the oxygen-rich blood that the heart leads away)
- arteries branch out further and further down to the arterioles and these in turn to the capillaries
- The capillary can be exchanged oxygen and nutrients between tissues and blood
- capillary also provide the link between arteries and veins as
-venule collect the now dark and low in oxygen combine blood and to large veins
- all veins end in the two main veins (upper and lower vena cava) that the blood back to the left ventricular lead
- the right ventricle pushes blood into the pulmonary circulation (the same structure as the systemic circulation)
- in the pulmonary circulation is anger enriches the blood with oxygen again
- pulmonary veins carry the blood to the left ventricle and the ratio circuit bneginnt again
(transport are pulmonary veins are the only veins, the oxygen-rich blood!) 
arteries and veins are both made of three layers - tunica interna, media and external - where the arteries thicker muscle layers than the veins. The veins need a certain flexibility to add more blood to. Blood Transport works thanks to the heart, that means pressure pumping the blood through the body. To prevent the blood from the veins flows are back with flaps to prevent back flow.
blood groups
When different blood types are mixed together is often agglutination (sticking together) instead. Here one can already see that some blood types do not get along with each other.
The AB0 system 
Everyone has one of the four blood types (A, B, AB, 0), means each of these groups a particular immunological status of the erythrocytes as, during these do not change a life and for certain patterns are inherited. Furthermore, there are the blood groups of various often re
intolerance table:
Im Blutplasma vom Menschen befinden sich Antikörper gegen die jeweils anderen Blutgruppen.
Blutgruppe A - Antikörper gegen Blutgruppe B (Anti-B)
Blutgruppe B - Anti-A
Blutgruppe 0 - Anti-A und Anti-B
Blutgruppe AB - frei von Antikörpern
Rhesus-System
The antibodies against the Rh factor D be made only if they come into contact with him (blood transfusions, pregnancy / birth).
If a rhesus-negative woman gets a rhesus-positive child and antibodies are present, may (at the birth of a previous child), there at the birth of the child to blood clots and thus cause his death. (Today is already made provisions WHILE the pregnancy is sprayed)
The antibodies against the Rh factor D be made only if they come into contact with him (blood transfusions, pregnancy / birth).
If a rhesus-negative woman gets a rhesus-positive child and antibodies are present, may (at the birth of a previous child), there at the birth of the child to blood clots and thus cause his death. (Today is already made provisions WHILE the pregnancy is sprayed)
(Source: biology, anatomy, philosophy of Nicole Menche (Ed.), 5th ed, Urban & Fischer Verlag, ISBN 3-437-26800 - 7)
immune
As a defense against a variety of particle we need an immune system.
lymphocytes belong to the white blood cells are the immune cells of the human body. They are the smallest white blood cells (~ 25-40% of leukocytes). Where
remain about 95 percent of the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches and lymph node lymphocytes formed also stored there, that is only about 5% are in our blood, and these are abgegenben if necessary.
remain about 95 percent of the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches and lymph node lymphocytes formed also stored there, that is only about 5% are in our blood, and these are abgegenben if necessary.
There are two types:
B lymphocytes (production in the bone marrow, as well as other immune cells)
T lymphocytes (precursor cells originate from bone marrow proliferation and development, then in the thymus. , spleen, tonsils and adenoids, the appendix of the cecum and lymph nodes)
Our immune system is also undergoing medical treatments, the foreign cells in den Organismus einführen. Ähnliche Gewebetypen sind daher von großer Wichtigkeit.
Antigen
Ist der Grud für die Bildung von Antikörpern, Sprich das Merkmal oder die Substanz. Diese befinden sich auf zum Beispiel: Bakterien, Viren und Körperzellen. Es gibt auch Antigene auf körpereigenen Zellen, wobei diese von Organismus als körpereigen anerkannt werden, sprich es werden keine Antikörper gebildet.
Alle sonstigen Antigene erkennt der Körper als fremd und bildet dem entsprechend Antikörper -> the immune system reacts!
antibodies
are formed of immune system proteins can bind in which the foreign body and they are disturbing.
flow:
- antigen is recognized as foreign
- antigen is recognized as foreign
- immune cells antibodies (to match the antigen)
- combine antibodies with the foreign antigen
- combine antibodies with the foreign antigen
- form an antigen-antibody complex
- antigen antibody complex activates formation of other proteins
- antigen antibody complex activates formation of other proteins
-> destruction of the foreign body
Or
- antigen-antibody complex signals immune cells that is a foreign substance in the body
- these cells destroy remove foreign matter and him out of the body
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