Wiederholung von 3. (6.11.2006) Zellteilung - Mitose
Das Chromosom (Bilder und Inhalte von http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom)
chromatid Both contain exactly the same DNA. The chromosome after the separation is only of a Tochterchromatid. Vor einer erneuten Trennung muss es sich also verdoppeln.
Der Mensch hat 46 Chromosome, wovon 2 die Geschlechtshormone ausmachen (XX bei Frauen, XY bei Männern).
Die Chromosome bestehen aus langen Chromosomenfäden (siehe Abbildung) die sich mehrmals "aufzwirbeln". Die geschied Zwecks Zeilteilung.
depression after http://www.zum.de/Faecher/Materialien/beck/bs11-70.htm
The figure shows 46 human chromosomes as they are in the to see cell (Here are the chromosomes, however, ordered). The chromosomes (twirled DNA) can visible only during cell division.
organisms have different genetic information and therefore also different chromosomes, that is a different number.
bacterium -> chromosome 1 (+ small THEN rings)
rice -> 24 chromosomes
mouse ->
man -> 46 chromosomes
chimpanzee -> 48 chromosomes
beef -> Chromosome 60
horse -> 66 chromosomes
dog -> 78 Chromosome
Die DNA Bausteine nennt man Nukleotide ( Bausteine der Nukleinsäuren
Nukleotide haben drei Bestandteile
- organischen Base
- Monosaccharid
- phosphoric
The two strands are in opposite directions. The four different bases contained in DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) always form pairs (adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine) DNA from each base contains the same amount ( aperiodic) .
The backbone of the strand is a chain of phosphate sugar and the ever repeated.
The two strands twisted around each other (helix), so called the DNA double helix . This property is called plektonemisch (In order to separate the DNA may have to wrest it first).
The chromosome gets more stability through the so-called stacking effect (The base pairs are stacked - if you look at the cross section of the chromosome) and the hydrogen .
the female cycle and its hormonal control
http://www.med4you.at/kinderwunsch/kwfu10.gif 
Ablauf:
- Hypophyse schüttet während der Menstruat ion FSH aus
- FSH bewirkt die Follikelheranreifung (Eibläschen und Nährstoffe) in einem der beiden Eierstöcken
- follicles produced estrogen
- estrogen effect structure of the endometrium and the influence of the hormone production of the hypophysis à FSH and LH production is inhibited production sep tartet
- On reaching the special concentration ratio of FSH and LH à Eisprung / Ovulation (Eizelle wandert im Eileiter Richtung Gebärmutter à kann befruchtet werden! Der Follikelrest bleibt im Eierstock zurück = Gelbkörper
- Gelbkörper schüttet nun Progesteron aus: 1. Aufbau der Gebärmutterschhleimhaut (Vorbereitung für die Einnistung eines befruchteten Eies) 2. Hemmung der FSH- und LH- Produktion der Hypophyse (es kann kein neuer Follikel entstehen) 3. Basaltemperatur (nach dem Measured temperature rise up) 2 days after ovulation rise by 0.5 degrees
- After jumping, the progesterone takes over holding the function of estrogen
egg is not fertilized:
- endometrium produces gonadotropin (the hormone also enters the urine à pregnancy tests)
- luteal not stunted, progesterone continues to be produced
- luteum is maintained for 2 months
- placenta takes over progesterone production
egg is not fertilized:
- luteal stunted
- Es wird kein Progesteron mehr erzeugt
- Ablösung der Gebärmutterschleimhaut
Der weibliche Zyklus:
Erste Anzeichen für das Eintreten der Menstruation:
- leucorrhœa (discharge from the vagina à functioning of sex organs)
- feminine figure
- growth spurt
The change 1st Menstrual period is between 10 and 15 Age (triggers are hormones). Closed real bodies and the cycle are controlled by hormones. If enough sex hormones are produced ripens about every 4 weeks approaching an egg.
flow:
- ~ every 4 weeks maturing an egg in the ovaries
- The egg leaves the ovary and travels through the fallopian tubes into the uterus. This process takes about 3-4 days.
- During this period, the endometrium is thicker and collect it in the nutrients to à preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
- If the egg is not fertilized, the egg dissolves on à Eibett (endometrium) is therefore unnecessary.
- About two weeks after ovulation will dissolve the top layer of the endometrium from and menstruation begins.
The cycle can take a long time differently. He begins with the first day of menstruation and ends before the start of the next menstrual period. The menstrual period lasts between 3 and 7 days (65 - 80 ml of menstrual fluid). The first three days of menstruation are strongest, it loses about two thirds of the control fluid.
http://www.frauenarztbesuch.de/Frau3.jpg 
hormones
Endocrine system = all the hormones and their producing cells, tissues and glands. It is a coordination system, the metabolism, energy metabolism, growth, development, homeostasis and affects our behavior.
Je nach dem wo die Hormone gebildet werden unterscheidet man verschiedene Klassen -> Gewebehormone und Drüsenhormone. Man kann sie auch anhand ihres Wirkungsschwerpunkts unterteilen -> lipophile Steroidhormone und hydrophile Hormone.
Hormone binden sich an Moleküle und übermitteln so die gewünschten Signale. Dieser zelluläre Wirkungsmechanismus passiert auf folgenden Hauptwegen:
- Lipophilic Steriodhormone: effect in the nucleus, long-lasting effect
- Hydrophilic hormones: limited
Where are the hormones and what is their impact:
- adenohypophysis (body growth, activity of the endocrine glands, Milk secretion)
- neurohypophysis (salt-water balance, labor, milk secretion)
- thyroid (metabolism, growth, lowers blood calcium)
- hyperparathyroidism (calcium level lowers and raises the blood glucose levels)
- pancreas (raises and lowers the blood glucose level)
- adrenal medulla (raises the glucose level in blood, increased metabolic activity, constricts blood vessels)
- adrenal cortex (raises the glucose in the blood, immune response, reabsorption of sodium and potassium)
- testes (sperm production, development of primary and secondary male sex characteristics) testosterone
- ovaries / ovaries (growth of uterine lining, the development of primary and secondary female sex characteristics, Differentiation of the uterine lining) estrogens
- pineal gland (biological rhythms)
- stimulates the thymus (T-cell
nervous system - hormone system
Beide Systeme koordinieren die Leistung und das Verhalten unseres Organismus. Das Nervensystem bewirkt meist nur kurze Veränderungen, da die Wirkung an den anhaltenden Nervenimpuls gekoppelt ist. Das Hormonsystem ist nicht so lokal begrenzt und bewirkt lang anhaltende Veränderungen.
| | Nervensystem | Hormonsystem |
| structure | own pipeline network | distribution via the blood and by diffusion |
| information transmission | electrical impulses | chemical messengers |
| propagation speed | fast (up to 120 m / sec) | slow (transmission in blood) |
| effect | short | lasting effect |
- anatomically close relationship
- endocrine glands consist of nerve tissue or have it developed
- The nervous system uses hormones als Signalmolekühle
- Zusammenwirken von hormonellen und neuronalen Kontrollmechanismen (ich esse -> Nerven -> Essen kommt in den Magen und schicken die Information zum Gehirn -> schickt Information an die Hormone der Magendrüsen -> stomach acid is produced)
=> effector hormones contribute (directly, that is, produce the reaction) and glandotropic hormones ( control the hormone production of the various body glands) which are formed by the anterior pituitary (connection between hormone and nervous system).
But the adenohypophysis is controlled by hormones (stimulating or inhibiting hormones). These hormones are controlled im Hypothalamus gebildet.
Was bewirken die verschiedenen effektorischen und glandotorpe Hormone:
Effektorische Hormone:
- Wachstum der Brustdrüsen
- Milchsekretion
- body growth
- metabolism
Glandotorpe hormones:
- stimulate Folikelreifung woman
- increase sperm production man
- estrogen and progesterone production woman
- synthesis and secretion of testosterone man
- Thyroxinproduktion and release of thyroid
- production and delivery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex
sex hormones
- expression of sexual characteristics
- control of sexual function
is difference between the sexes is that the hormones in different quantities are produced and how the body reacts to them, not on gender hormones.
wife
- Ostrogene, Gestagene
- Hypophyse (Ostradiol, FSH, LH)
- Eierstöcken (Progesteron)
- Gebärmutter (HCG - Schwangerschaftshormon)
man
- androgen
- testosterone
